India’s diplomatic and strategic engagements with African countries have intensified significantly in recent years, reflecting a comprehensive approach that spans economic, cultural and security dimensions. Central to this engagement is the Indian Navy (IN), whose increasing presence and activities in African waters spotlight India’s commitment to enhancing maritime security and fostering sustainable partnerships. This article delves into the multifaceted role of the Indian Navy in Africa, examining its contributions to regional stability, anti-piracy efforts, and the broader strategic objectives under the Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) policy.
Historical Ties
India and Africa share a rich history of diplomatic and cultural ties dating back to the colonial era. Both regions have been integral to the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which sought to remain independent of the Cold War power blocs. Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, referred to Africa as India’s “sister continent,” acknowledging the shared struggles against colonialism and the fight for independence. This historical bond laid the foundation for a strong partnership that has evolved over decades.
Recent Diplomatic Engagements
India has significantly strengthened its ties with African nations over the past decade. Between 2015 and 2022, New Delhi hosted over 100 African leaders, and each African country welcomed an Indian cabinet minister. High-level visits by Indian leaders, such as President Droupadi Murmu’s trip to Mauritius, have led to the inauguration of community development projects and the establishment of critical infrastructure, underscoring the depth of Indo-African cooperation. In 2024, during Narendra Modi’s swearing-in ceremony for his third term as Prime Minister, African nations were well-represented among the attendees, with Seychelles represented by Vice-President Ahmed Afif and Mauritius by Prime Minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth.
Economic Investments
Economic engagement through investment forms a cornerstone of India’s relationship with Africa. Indian investments in Africa reached a significant $98 billion in 2023, with bilateral trade totalling $100 billion. These investments span various sectors – agriculture, energy, technology and infrastructure. Moreover, Indian social enterprises and Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) have been instrumental in exporting low-cost, scalable solutions to Africa, such as eco-friendly housing and training rural women as solar engineers. This economic interdependence boosts Africa’s growth and reinforces India’s regional strategic interests.
SAGAR Policy
The Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) policy, introduced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015, encapsulates India’s vision for a peaceful, secure, and prosperous Indian Ocean Region (IOR). SAGAR aims to enhance maritime security, promote sustainable development and foster regional cooperation. It reflects India’s commitment to being a net security provider in the IOR and ensuring a stable maritime environment.
Strategic Maritime Presence
The Indian Navy’s strategic deployments to African waters are a testament to India’s proactive maritime policy. Since 2008, IN units have been stationed in the Gulf of Aden and off the East coast of Africa to conduct anti-piracy patrols. These patrols have safely escorted 3,440 ships and over 25,000 seafarers, significantly reducing piracy incidents in these crucial shipping lanes. The Indian Navy’s presence extends to West African waters, including the Gulf of Guinea, where piracy and maritime security threats have necessitated a robust naval presence.
Port Calls and Exercises
In addition to anti-piracy patrols, the Indian Navy regularly makes port calls to both East and West African countries. These visits foster military-to-military relations, joint exercises and also provide humanitarian assistance. For instance, the INS Tarkash’s deployment in the Gulf of Guinea underscores India’s commitment to securing critical maritime routes and supporting regional partners. Joint maritime exercises, such as the Africa-India Field Training Exercise (AFINDEX) and India-Brazil-South Africa Maritime (IBSAMAR), enhance interoperability and strengthen collective security mechanisms.
Role in Regional Security and Anti-Piracy
Anti-Piracy Operations: The Indian Navy has played a crucial role in countering piracy off the coast of Africa. Since initiating anti-piracy patrols in 2008, the Indian Navy has successfully escorted thousands of ships and seafarers through pirate-infested waters. Both the Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Guinea are critical maritime chokepoints and have benefited from the Indian Navy’s vigilant presence. This sustained effort has not only safeguarded international shipping lanes but also bolstered the security of regional maritime trade.
Collaboration with African Navies: India’s collaboration with African navies extends beyond joint patrols to include extensive training and capacity-building initiatives. Through the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program, Indian naval officers have trained their African counterparts in various aspects of maritime security. This includes joint exercises, tactical training and the transfer of maritime surveillance techniques. These efforts have enhanced the operational capabilities of African navies, enabling them to better address their maritime security challenges.
Information Sharing and IFC-IOR: Establishing the Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in Gurugram, close to New Delhi, has been a cornerstone of India’s maritime security strategy. The IFC-IOR facilitates real-time information sharing among 25 partner nations and over 40 international organisations. This collaboration enhances maritime domain awareness, allowing coordinated responses to maritime threats. The IFC-IOR’s role in monitoring and mitigating piracy, armed robbery and other maritime crimes has been instrumental in ensuring the safety and security of the Indian Ocean Region.
Global South Advocacy
India has consistently positioned itself as a leading advocate for the Global South, with a particular focus on African countries. India’s successful lobbying for the African Union’s inclusion as a full member of the G-20 highlights its commitment to a more inclusive global governance structure. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s emphasis on South-South cooperation underscores the importance of developing together as equals, reflecting the principles articulated in the Kampala Principles.
Development Projects
India’s developmental assistance to Africa encompasses a wide range of projects to improve infrastructure, healthcare, education and community development. During President Droupadi Murmu’s visit to Mauritius, 14 community development projects were inaugurated, exemplifing India’s commitment to supporting sustainable development in Africa. Additionally, Indian efforts in capacity building, technical training and knowledge transfer are vital components of its development partnership with Africa.
Economic and Technical Cooperation
The potential for economic partnerships between India and Africa is immense. The focus on critical minerals essential for a low-carbon future, such as those used in solar panels and batteries, presents a significant opportunity for collaboration. With 30 percent of the world’s mineral reserves, Africa is a vital partner for India’s energy transition. Furthermore, India’s commitment to enhancing technical capacity in Africa through training and education programs aligns with the continent’s developmental priorities.
Future Engagements
The future of India-Africa relations looks promising, with numerous opportunities for deeper engagement and cooperation. As the geopolitical landscape evolves, India’s strategic maritime presence in Africa will continue to be a critical component of its foreign policy. Future engagements will likely focus on enhancing maritime security, expanding economic partnerships and fostering sustainable development.
Mutual Benefits
The mutual benefits of the Indo-African partnership are evident in the areas of security, economic growth, and sustainable development. By strengthening maritime cooperation, both regions can address shared challenges such as piracy, terrorism and illegal fishing. Additionally, economic collaboration in sectors like critical minerals and renewable energy can drive growth and innovation, benefiting both India and Africa.
Last Words
India’s strategic maritime engagement with Africa, spearheaded by the Indian Navy, reflects a holistic approach to fostering sustainable and mutually beneficial partnerships. Through frequent port calls, anti-piracy operations, capacity-building initiatives, and a steadfast commitment to the principles of SAGAR, the Indian Navy enhances maritime security and regional stability. With India positioning itself as a leading voice for the Global South, the Indian Navy’s role as a preferred security partner and advocate for African interests will remain integral to the evolving Indo-African relationship.
India strengthens bilateral ties and contributes to a more inclusive and representative global order by focusing on African countries in its strategic engagements. As the geopolitical landscape continues to evolve, the multifaceted relationship between India and Africa, anchored by the Indian Navy’s robust presence, promises to be a cornerstone of regional and global stability. By leveraging its historical partnerships, strategic investments, and comprehensive security initiatives, India is poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of the Indian Ocean Region and beyond.